Keyboarding Esperanto and other âççêňţĕđ letters with Microsoft Word and Apple  

Use "Shortcut Keys" to easily display the Esperanto special letters and other languages.    ESPERANTO requires six accented letters, Ĉĉ Ĝĝ Ĥĥ Ĵĵ Ŝŝ Ŭŭ (or we use substitutes such as Cx ... Ux, or C^ ... U~).  On November 30, 2001, I discovered how to set up computers using Microsoft® Windows© and Word© to produce these letters WITHOUT DOWNLOADING programmes or fonts.  On Nov 13, 2007, thanks to Ian Green, Australia, the Unicode© procedures for Apple® Macintosh™ are presented below.
   MICROSOFT WORD:  Easily set up Shortcut Keys as follows:-    And so on, right through to Ŭ and ŭ -- with breves ( ˘ ).
   Using the system:  To type capital Ĉ, hold down the [Alt] plus [Shift] keys and press C.  Enjoy! J
   APPLE MACINTOSH™: For Apple Mac OS X: In System Preferences, International, Input Menu, Choose, "US Extended".  This is a Unicode© input method.  You can always include more than one keyboard setting in your Input Menu, if this doesn't suit your primary language.
   For the hat (ĉapelo) on top, simply hold Option and hit the 6 key, then type the character you want!  The 6 key has the hat above the six!  : )   ĉ Ĉ ĝ Ĝ ĥ Ĥ ĵ Ĵ ŝ Ŝ.  To type the ŭ or Ŭ, with the upside down ĉapelo, this symbol is called a "breve", so hold Option and hit the B key, then type u or U.
   Make sure your e-mail program is set to use the character encoding Unicode (UTF-8), not Western ISO-8859-1, or whatever. – Ian Green©, Australia by e-mail of Nov 13, 2007, supplied the Apple Macintosh information.

Here are popular fonts that accept the Esperanto accents:-
Arial	Ĉĉ Ĝĝ Ĥĥ Ĵĵ Ŝŝ Ŭŭ	Monotype Corsiva	Ĉ ĉ  Ĝ ĝ  Ĥ ĥ  Ĵ ĵ  Ŝ ŝ  Ŭ ŭ
Comic Sans MS	Ĉĉ Ĝĝ Ĥĥ Ĵĵ Ŝŝ Ŭŭ	Times New Roman	Ĉĉ Ĝĝ Ĥĥ Ĵĵ Ŝŝ Ŭŭ
Courier New	Ĉĉ Ĝĝ Ĥĥ Ĵĵ Ŝŝ Ŭŭ	Verdana	Ĉĉ Ĝĝ Ĥĥ Ĵĵ Ŝŝ Ŭŭ

   MICROSOFT WORD – REPLACEMENTS for four standard Word keyboard shortcuts are:

Alt + C to close a pane. Click the [X] box at top right, or press [Alt] + [F4], or close icon at the screen's foot.

Alt + G which opens Go menu. Press [Ctrl] + G, or click "Edit", then "Go to".

Alt + H which opens Help. Click "Help," or tap the [F1] key.

Alt + Capital U which Updates Fields. Tap [F9], or, select the required words, Right Click, then left-click "Update Fields". E-mail: john.massam@multiline.com.au
URL = http://www.multiline.com.au/~johnm/elwa/keyboard.htm
©30 Nov 2001, 2004, 2007 John MASSAM, 46 Cobine Way, Greenwood (suburb of Perth), WA, 6024, Australia. +61 ( 0 ) 8  9343 9532, 0408 054 319.    Fonts which attractively accept the accents include:- Arial, Arial Black, Arial Narrow, Andale Mono, Book Antiqua, Bookman Old Style, Century Gothic, Century Schoolbook, Comic Sans MS, Courier New, Garamond, Georgia, Haettenschweiler, Impact, Lucida Console, Lucida Sans Unicode, Monotype Corsiva, Palatino Linotype, Tahoma, Times New Roman, Verdana, Verdana Eo, and Verdana Ref.
   Fonts that do NOT accept the accents attractively include:- Algerian, Arioso, Bauhaus 93, Blackadder ITC, Bradley Hand ITC, Brush Script MT,Cornet, Edwardian Script IT, Forte, Freestyle Script, French Script MT, Gigi, HandStroke, Harlow Solid Italic, Informal Roman, Jokerman, Kunstler Script, Lucida Calligraphy, Lucida Handwriting, Matura MT Script Capitals, Mistral (mal-alloge cghjsu), Palace Script MT , Pristina, Rage Italic, Ravia, Scogin, Script MT Bold, Tempus Sans ITC, Viner Hand ITC.
   Information would be appreciated about easy production of accented letters with other Operating Systems, as well as the StarOffice suite.

   (Note: Assigning keystrokes for Esperanto does not seem to work in "Microsoft WordPad". What will work there for Esperanto, only if there are Esperanto typefaces installed (??), is the more difficult method of holding down [Alt] while entering a number code off the Numeric Keypad. One can paste the Esperanto letters from Word to WordPad, but that is of limited practical use. It does not work at all in Microsoft Notepad.)

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NATURAL LANGUAGES: ACCENTED LETTERS such as in French, Italian, German, Spanish, Polish, Esperanto, and many other languages can be typed off the keyboard, using the [Alt] and/or [Ctrl] keys in "Microsoft Word" from 1997, and to a lesser extent in "Microsoft WordPad" on Windows 98 and following, without having a special Programme, and without downloading specialised Typefaces.

   As well as the other usages of alphabets such as in letters like Ђ Є Ї Ф Ш, quite unique alphabets can be used such as Greek Ω θ Ξ λ ζ έ, Russian and Serbian etc. Ж Д Щ, Hebrew and Yiddish gimel ג, beth ב, aleph א, and Arabic ta ت, ba ب, alif ا.
   Mathematical, symbolic, and drawing characters can also be produced by these methods, which can be accessed through Word© 2000's Symbols dialogue box, which I found via the Insert menu. Later I was told, and checked this on 25 December 2001, that Word 97 can produce the natural languages' accents in a similar way.
   Also, some information comes from the Character Map, accessed as follows: Start/ Programs/ Accessories/ System Tools/ Character Map.
   Generally, if a person is going to do extensive writing in any of these languages, the preferred choice is to install a proper separate system so the whole alphabet can be typed straight off like ordinary letters, while keeping your computer also able to type in your everyday language.

   Keystrokes can also be assigned for symbols and characters, including a "Smiley Face" J symbol, which I set as [Alt] + 0 (zero, on ordinary keys).
   Notepad©: (The [Alt] + numbers methods also work in Microsoft Notepad©.)
In the following, wherever a coding of this form -- « or ‹ -- appears, that is not for typing, but is Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and/or Unicode© for Webpages.
   Note: Many in the following groups use [Ctrl], not [Alt], and such strokes are often done in two groups, NOT simultaneously. The pause between two such groups of keystrokes is usually shown by a comma.
   FRENCH, etc. (already built into Word 97 and Word 2000 -- some of these work in WordPad©, and some will operate in WordPad only by using [Alt] plus numbers off the numeric keypad (that is, the number keys at the right of the keyboard).
C cedilla: Ctrl + , (comma), pause, Shift + C = Ç            Ctrl + , (pause) c = ç (c cedil)
E grave: Ctrl + ` (grave accent), pause, Shift + E = È       Ctrl + ` (pause), e = è (e grave)
E acute: Ctrl + ' (apostrophe), Shift + E = É                    Ctrl + ', e = é (e acute) OR é (é)
E circumflex: Ctrl + Shift + ^, Shift + E = Ê                     Ctrl + Shift + ^, e = ê (e circ)
and so on for all the grave, acute, and circumflex letters, i.e., à á â   è é ê   ì í î   ò ó ô   ù ú û   ý   in Word, but some might not work in WordPad.

French Quotation, double, Opening: &#171; &laquo; Ctrl + `, Shift + < = «        
Closing: &#187; &raquo; Ctrl + `, Shift + > = »
  Opening, for WordPad: Alt + 0171 (numeric keypad) = «       Closing: Alt + 0187 (num) = »
French Quotation, single, Opening: &#8249; &lsaquo; Alt + 0139 (num) = ‹            
Closing: &#8250; &rsaquo; Alt + 0155 = ›
   GERMAN
A umlaut: Ctrl + Shift + : (colon), Shift + A = Ä              Ctrl + Shift + :, a = ä (a uml)
and so on: ë ï ö ü ÿ
   Sharp s: &#223; Ctrl + Shift + &, s = ß
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0223 (num. keypad) = ß
Double low 9 Quotation marks on the line: &#8222; (and &#132) Alt+0132 (and WordPad Alt+08222) = „
   SPANISH, etc.
N tilde: Ctrl + Shift + ~, Shift + N = Ñ                            Ctrl + Shift + ~, n = ñ
and similarly for Ã ã   Õ õ
   Inverted exclamation mark: Alt + Ctrl + Shift + ! = ¡
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0161 (num) = ¡
Inverted question mark: Alt + Ctrl + Shift + ? = ¿
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0191 (num.) = ¿
   NORDIC, etc.
A ring (angstrom): Ctrl + Shift+@, Shift + A =Å             Ctrl + Shift + @, a = å (a ring)
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0197 (num.) = Å                      Alt + 0229 (num.) = å
AE ligature: Ctrl + Shift + &, Shift + A = Æ                   Ctrl + Shift + &, a = æ (ae lig)
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0198 (num.) = Æ                     Alt + 0230 (num.) = æ
OE ligature: Ctrl + Shift + &, Shift + O = Œ                   Ctrl + Shift + &, o = œ
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0140 (num.) = Œ                     Alt + 0156 (num.) = œ
O slash: Ctrl + /, Shift + O = Ø                                      Ctrl + /, o = ø (o slash)
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0216 (num.) = Ø                      Alt + 0248 (num.) = ø
   ICELANDIC
Eth (Cap.): Ctrl + ', Shift + D = Ð                                  Ctrl + ', d = ð (l/c eth)
Ditto in WordPad: Alt + 0208 (num.) = Ð                      Alt + 0240 (num.) = ð
Thorn (Cap.): Alt + 0222 (numeric keypad) = Þ              Alt + 0254 (numeric keypad) = þ (l/c thorn)
   CZECH, POLISH, etc.
Letters like Čč Ċċ Ğğ Łł can be programmed to work off the keyboard if required regularly, or if only used occasionally they can be inserted as required by Insert / Symbol / (select) / Insert
To obtain Š caron or š caron, try Alt+Ctrl+Shift+^, Shift+S. Similar for the small s caron.
   SPECIAL CHARACTERS and SYMBOLS
Cents: Ctrl + /, c = ¢                                                       Pounds: Alt + 0163 (numeric keypad) = £
Euro: Alt + Ctrl + E = €                                                   Pounds could be made: Alt + Ctrl + 4 = £
Also: Alt + 0128 (num.) = €
(Euro: Ctrl+2 doesn't work in Word on my computer)
Yen could be made Ctrl + Alt + Y = ¥
   Copyright: Alt + Ctrl + C = ©                                         Registered TM (R style): Alt + Ctrl + R = ®
Trade Mark (TM style): Alt + Ctrl + T = ™
   Bullet: &#8226; or &#149; Alt + 0149 (numeric keypad) = • or = •
Mid dot: &#183; Alt + 0183 (numeric keypad) = ·
   Literary:
Pilcrow (paragraph) &#182; Alt + 0182 (numeric) = ¶     Section mark: Alt + 0167 (num.) = §
Dagger: Alt + 0134 (num. keypad) = †                            Double dagger: Alt + 0135 (num.) = ‡
   Quotation marks, curved, single:
Ctrl + ` (grave), ` (grave again) = ‘ (start)                        Ctrl + ', ' = ’ (end, and apostrophe)
Quotation marks, curved, double:
Ctrl + ` (grave), Shift + " = “ (start)                                 Ctrl + ', Shift + " = ” (end)
   Em dash: &#8212; Alt + Ctrl + - (numeric keypad) = —          En dash: &#8211; Ctrl + - (num. keypad) = –
(Warning: With Word 2000 unexpected consequences may occur. I suggest you do not use these. The dash can be represented by a hyphen (-) with a space each side, or by two hyphens with or without a space each side.)
   Mathematical, etc.
Ordinal indicator, feminine: Alt + 0170 (num) = ª              Ordinal ind., masculine: Alt + 0186 (num) = º
Degree: Alt + 0176 (num) = °
Superscript 1: Alt + 0185 (num) = ¹                                 Superscript 2: Alt + 0178 (num) = ²
Superscript 3: Alt + 0179 (num)= ³
Mid dot: &#183; Alt + 0183 (numeric keypad) = ·
   I set these myself:
Pounds Alt + Ctrl + 4 = £
Smiley [Alt] + 0 (zero) =   J
Try typing (in Microsoft Word) :) for a "smiley" (is it bigger?), then :( for a scowling face, then :| for a non-emotional face. The | is obtained by [Shift]+\ . If these don't work, do not worry -- it means that AutoCorrect is not turned on. AutoCorrect can be a mixed blessing at times! In fact, it can ruin your day!
   FOR A WIDER UNDERSTANDING of how to easily obtain and/or code accented letters, you could follow the directories in Windows Explorer like this (assuming your main hard disk is labelled "C"): C / Windows / charmap.exe, or use the Windows key or Start button like this: Start/ Programs/ Accessories/ System Tools/ Character Map. Then make a short cut of the Character Map on the desktop, so you can refer to it when required.
   For example, in the Character Map you could find this:
Y acute: Alt + 0221 = Ý                                                  Alt + 0253 = ý
This will work both in Word and in WordPad
   But, in Word, as explained above, in the Symbols dialogue box you discovered this easier method:
Y acute: Ctrl + ', Shift + Y = Ý                                                  Ctrl + ', y = ý
   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Microsoft Word 2000's Symbols and Special Characters dialogue box. Windows 98's Character Map. Prof. John Wells, England, http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/html-ttt/uniktest.htm   Portions were adapted from HTML Complete, Brenda Frink and Michael Anderson (eds.), 1999, Sybex, San Francisco, pp 957-65. Portions were adapted from material Copyright © International Organization for Standardization 1986. Portions were adapted from The Unicode Standard 3.0, Copyright © 1991-2000, Unicode, Inc.; Alan Mendelawitz, Perth for reporting that [Alt] + H, meaning Help, would be lost with this method; Gerard A. N. Massam, Perth, for pointing out that this method would work with Word 97, and Carol V. Phillips, Perth, for allowing experimentation with Word 97; Ian Green, Australia, 13 Nov 07 for giving Apple Macintosh methods.
   -- ©2001-2007 John Massam, Greenwood, Western Australia. I discovered the methods for Word© on 30 Nov 2001. My omission of Ctrl + H for Help menu was reported by Alan Mendelawitz 03 Dec 2001

ESPERANTO ALPHABET
A, B, C, Ĉ, D, E, F, G, Ĝ, H, Ĥ, I, J, Ĵ,
K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Ŝ, T, U, Ŭ, V, Z.
a, b, c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, ĵ,
k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z.

JOHN WELLS* HAS BEEN PUBLICISING THE 'SHORTCUT KEY' METHOD
   After discovering, independently, on 30 November 2001 the capacity of Word to easily produce Esperanto's accented letters off the keyboard, I e-mailed Professor John Wells of London University College about the need to update a webpage about this matter. His reply on 28 December 2001 was:
   John -
   >The news is, that Unicode works now without downloading fonts.
   Well yes, I had noticed! It's because Word 97 is Unicode-enabled, and you now get several WGL4 fonts included with Windows/Word. For the last eighteen months or more I have been telling people the same message as you have. See the attached lecture handout. [verona-folio.doc]
   My professional interest in this has been focussed on phonetic symbols rather than on language orthographies. See http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm , http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc
   You say "Internet Explorer 6.0 often leaves the accents off when printing". This is probably a matter of having the right printer driver. I have Windows 2000 and a new HP printer, and everything works correctly for IE, NN, Word, and (at last!) Powerpoint.
   > that "nefontoj" is probably an illegitimate formation),
   And how! Fonts aren't fontoj but tiparoj. Anyhow, it's not 'no fonts' but 'no extra fonts', 'without installing a special font'. Sen speciala tiparo.
   All the best
   John Wells
   __________
* Professor John Wells is a phonetics expert, at University College, London. Among many other books, he is the editor of the Teach Yourself Concise Esperanto and English Dictionary, 1969 and at least 11 more printings, Hodder and Stoughton, London.
   The Esperanto League of WA used to use an IBM-compatible PC PCU 70, operating with Microsoft® Windows 98© second edition, and we saw the special letters in two browsers -- Netscape® Communicator© version 4.72, and Microsoft Internet Explorer© v. 6.0. But only N.N. would print the accented letters from webpages onto paper in the equipment at the Esperanto League office, and at my home.
   At the office that then existed we used to print on a Canon BJC-265SP, and at home I used a Canon BJ-20. At home I had an IBM-compatible PC COMDEK, with Microsoft Windows 98, and saw the accented letters in Netscape Communicator 4.78 and Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0. To reproduce some of the characters on this webpage, use was made of Unicode™ tables, and HTML Complete, Brenda Frink and Michael Anderson (eds), 1999, San Francisco, Sybex. See also unicoding.htm and multilingual.htm.